{"id":25,"date":"2019-10-06T21:13:00","date_gmt":"2019-10-06T21:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/encyclopaedia-fortuita.com\/index.php\/2019\/10\/06\/encyclopaedia-heibonsha-1984\/"},"modified":"2024-03-31T07:54:12","modified_gmt":"2024-03-31T12:54:12","slug":"encyclopaedia-heibonsha-1984","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/encyclopaedia-fortuita.com\/index.php\/2019\/10\/06\/encyclopaedia-heibonsha-1984\/","title":{"rendered":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Heibonsha (1984)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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General Details<\/h3>\n

Title: \u5e73\u51e1\u793e\u3000\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u8f9e\u5178 (Great Encylop\u00e6dia Heibonsha)<\/b>
Volumes: 16
Language: Japanese
Publisher: \u5e73\u51e1\u793e (Heibonsha)
Year: 1984
Pages: 21,164 <\/p>\n

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The \u5927\u767e\u79d1\u8f9e\u5178 (dai hyakka jiten<\/i>), or Great Encyclopedia<\/i>, was released in 1984 in 16 volumes. Unlike the other editions of the Heibonsha encyclopedia released before and after it (most named \u4e16\u754c\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u8f9e\u5178 - sekai dai hyakka jiten<\/i>, or World Great Encyclopedia<\/i>), this one is monochrome and takes up far fewer volumes. The preceding edition, published in 1972 in 35 hardcover volumes (and reprinted again in 1975 in paperback), featured color plate pages and atlas volumes, but was essentially a revision of the 1964 edition, which itself was a revision of the 1955 edition. The Heibonsha was feeling a lot of pressure in the mid-1970s from competing encyclopedias, and so a total reworking of the encyclopedia was called for and this edition was released. Three years later, in 1988, it would be released again as \u4e16\u754c\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u8f9e\u5178, or World Great Encyclopedia<\/i>, in 35 volumes; this was the same text as the 1984 version, but now with more illustrations, color plates, an atlas, etc. According to Sekiguchi Hideki, an executive from Heibonsha, they just didn't manage to get color plates into the 1984 edition, a point of embarrassment, due to the intense time pressure they were under to release a new encyclopedia (\u6700\u5f8c\u306e\u3008\u7d19\u3009\u306e\u767e\u79d1\u300e\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u4e8b\u5178\u300f<\/a>, \"The Last Paper 'World Great Encyclopedia'\", accessed Oct 3, 2019).<\/p>\n

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That said, I love this encyclopedia. I wish my Japanese level was higher so that I could spend more time reading it. It is extremely thorough, as you will see in the sample articles (provided with translation). The text, presented in three columns on each page, can be a bit small sometimes. The pictures, diagrams, and charts are all extremely clear and well-done. The binding is really beautiful - as you run your eyes along the bottom of the golden spines of the books, you see a man run, jump, and transform into a bird lifting off into the sky. Except for strictly Japanese topics, most entries feature a keyword in English, German, or whatever the appropriate foreign language may be; some feature more than one foreign translation. I am reminded a bit of the Encyclopedia Americana<\/i> - like that work, this one features entries on important works, novels, movies, etc. For example, one can find an entry on \u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u5165\u9580, or, as is also given in the entry header, Vorlesungen zur Einf\u00fchrung in die Psychoanalyse<\/i> - in other words, this is a brief entry on Sigmund Freud's Introduction to Psychoanalysis.<\/i><\/p>\n

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The first volume includes a brief introduction on why a new edition of the encyclopedia was called for and a note on the methodology in choosing the entries, organization, language use, etc. There is then a list of the main editors. Following this is a guide to using the encyclopedia, including notes on alphabetization (the entries are arranged in aiueo<\/i>-order), how foreign names and words fit into this, and a guide to abbreviations. A condensed version of this guide appears in each of the other volumes. Volumes 1 through 15 constitute the main text of the encyclopedia; volume 16 is the index volume. The index volume contains both a comprehensive index of terms in Japanese, arranged in the standard aiueo<\/i>-order, as well as an index of foreign keywords, names, and scientific terms arranged in ABC order. Each has a separate set of page numbers. If I wanted to look up Michael Ende, for example, I would find \u30a8\u30f3\u30c7\u3001M. listed on page 129 in the Japanese index, and I would similarly find Ende, M. on page 96 of the ABC index; both would direct me to the left-hand column on page 1018 in volume 6 (part of the entry on \u5150\u7ae5\u6587\u5b66, \"children's literature\"). The index volume also contains the full list of contributors (the preface in volume one claims there are 7000 contributors), illustrators, and image sources.<\/p>\n

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Sample Entries<\/h3>\n

I attempt to look up \"umbrella\" and \"Saint Louis\" in every reference work I feature on this site, to provide a source of fair comparison between them. I have to take back what I said about Johnson's Universal<\/a> having the most thorough entry on umbrellas; the Encylop\u00e6dia Heibonsha<\/i> beats it soundly. The fact that the umbrella originated in Asia has been mentioned in a number of the works reviewed on this site, so the fact that Japan has been exposed to the umbrella longer than Europe and America may partially explain the difference in the levels of attention it receives in their respective reference works. While translating the article, I googled some statistics on umbrella sales. I read in one place that 33 million umbrellas are sold in the United States per year, and I read elsewhere that 120 million are sold in Japan annually. When you consider that annual consumption per-capita ratio (~10% in the USA versus ~95% in Japan), that may also explain why an entry on the umbrella would be more detailed in a Japanese encyclopedia versus an American one. The main entry on \"umbrella\" (\u5098, kasa<\/i>) can be found in volume 3, on pages 214-215. I have a loose translation afterwards; apologies in advance for the 3rd paragraph (\"There are many theories...\") - I had trouble with the etymology section:<\/p>\n

\u304b\u3055\u3000\u3000\u5098<\/b><\/p>\n

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[\u6b74\u53f2<\/b>]\u3000\u53e4\u4ee3\u30aa\u30ea\u30a8\u30f3\u30c8\u306e\u5f6b\u523b\u3084\u7d75\u753b\u306b\u306f\u6a29\u529b\u8005\u306e\u982d\u4e0a\u306b\u5098\u3092\u3055\u3057\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u9762\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u6a29\u5a01\u3092\u8c61\u5fb4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u53e4\u4ee3\u30ae\u30ea\u30b7\u30a2\u30fb\u30ed\u30fc\u30de\u3067\u3082\u5098\u306f\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u65e5\u3088\u3051\u304c\u4e3b\u3067\u3001\u5a66\u4eba\u7528\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u958b\u9589\u3067\u304d\u308b\u5098\u306f\uff11\uff13\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u30a4\u30bf\u30ea\u30a2\u3067\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\u96e8\u5098\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u306e\u306f17\u4e16\u7d00\u3053\u308d\u304b\u3089\u3067\u300118\u4e16\u7d00\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u5546\u4eba\u3067\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u696d\u5bb6\u306e\u30cf\u30f3\u30a6\u30a7\u30fcJonas Hanway (1712-86)\u304c1778\u5e74\u306b\u96e8\u5098\u3092\u3055\u3057\u3066\u30ed\u30f3\u30c9\u30f3\u5e02\u8857\u3092\u6b69\u304d\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5927\u80c6\u3055\u306b\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u9a5a\u3044\u305f\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u4f1d\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u5098\u306e\u9aa8\u306f\u30af\u30b8\u30e9\u306e\u9aa8\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u30011820\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u92fc\u9244\u306e\u9aa8\u304c\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u300152\u5e74\u306bS.\u30d5\u30a9\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066U\u5b57\u5f62\u306e\u6e9d\u306e\u3064\u3044\u305f\u9aa8\u304c\u958b\u767a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u9aa8\u304c\u7d30\u304f\u3001\u8efd\u304f\u3066\u4f7f\u3044\u3088\u3044\u5098\u304c\u666e\u53ca\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n

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[\u73fe\u4ee3\u306e\u5098<\/b>]\u3000\u7b2c2\u6b21\u5927\u6226\u5f8c\u3001\u6d0b\u5098\u306e\u958b\u767a\u306f\u3081\u3056\u307e\u3057\u304f\u30011949\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u304b\u3089\u8f38\u5165\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30d3\u30cb\u30eb\u30d5\u30a3\u30eb\u30e0\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u30d3\u30cb\u30eb\u5098\u304c\u58f2\u308a\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7206\u767a\u7684\u4eba\u6c17\u3092\u5f97\u305f\u300253\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u30ca\u30a4\u30ed\u30f3\u6d0b\u5098\u5730\u306e\u56fd\u7523\u5316\u300154\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u30b9\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u5f0f\u6298\u308a\u305f\u305f\u307f\u5098\u306e\u958b\u767a\u3067\u3001\u30ca\u30a4\u30ed\u30f3\u751f\u5730\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u6298\u308a\u305f\u305f\u307f\u5098\u306e\u5168\u76db\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u5165\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u81ea\u52d5\u8eca\u306e\u4e57\u308a\u964d\u308a\u306e\u969b\u7247\u624b\u3067\u64cd\u4f5c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u304f\u3075\u3046\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30d7\u5098\u306f58\u5e74\u306b\u8a66\u4f5c\u3055\u308c\u300161\u5e74\u306b\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u7d33\u58eb\u7269\u306e\u9577\u5098\u306e70\uff5e80\uff05\u3092\u5360\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300272\u5e74\u3053\u308d\u306b\u306f\u6709\u540d\u30c7\u30b6\u30a4\u30ca\u30fc\u30d6\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u6d0b\u5098\u304c\u767b\u5834\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6d0b\u5098\u306e\u30b5\u30a4\u30ba\u306f\u89aa\u9aa8\u306e\u9577\u3055\u3067\u8868\u3057\u3001\u304b\u3064\u3066\u306f\u7d33\u58eb\u726963\u30fc66cm\u3001\u5a66\u4eba\u726955cm\u3001\u9aa8\u657010\uff5e12\u672c\u3060\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u8efd\u91cf\u5316\u304c\u9032\u307f\u3001\u7d33\u58eb\u726960cm\u3001\u5a66\u4eba\u726950cm\u3001\u9aa8\u65708\uff5e10\u672c\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u591a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u6700\u8fd1\u306f\u5927\u578b\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3082\u597d\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u548c\u5098\u306f1936\u30fc41\u5e74\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u304c\u751f\u7523\u306e\u30d4\u30fc\u30af\u3067\u5e74\u9593\u7d043500\u4e07\u672c\u3001\u6d0b\u5098\u306e3\uff5e6\u500d\u306e\u751f\u7523\u91cf\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u6226\u4e89\u3092\u306f\u3055\u3093\u306749\u30fc50\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u518d\u30733500\u4e07\u672c\u8fd1\u304f\u751f\u7523\u3055\u308c\u3001\u3046\u3061\u7d041500\u4e07\u672c\u306f\u3001\u5bdb\u6c38\uff081624\u30fc44\uff09\u306e\u3053\u308d\u304b\u3089\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3092\u3082\u3064\u5c90\u961c\u5e02\u52a0\u7d0d\u753a\u3067\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306f\u548c\u5098\u306e\u751f\u7523\u91cf\u306f\u6fc0\u6e1b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u6d0b\u5098\u306e\u56fd\u5185\u9700\u8981\u306f\u3001\u8f38\u5165\u54c1\u3082\u542b\u3081\u3066\u5e74\u95936500\u4e07\u672c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u83ca\u7530\u9686<\/p>\n

Umbrella \u5098<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

A thing held aloft over the head to avoid contact with the sun and rain. It is also called 'sashigasa' to distinguish from the 'kasa' (umbrella-hat: \u7b20) worn directly on the head. However, \u5098 and \u7b20 are closely related, and their form is also shared with the 'kinukasa,' a canopy hung over Buddha statues and used in imperial court ceremonies. <\/i><\/p>\n

According to Chinese legend, while the Yellow Emperor was engaged in battle, clouds of five colors formed into the shape of a flower and remained overhead, at which time the tide of the battle changed and the Emperor was victorious; because of this, canopies (\u83ef\u84cb, \"flower-covers\") were created and continuously held aloft from then on. This \"flower-cover\" canopy was actually used by kings and the aristocracy as a sunshade when they would go out, and is given the reading of 'kinukasa' for Japan in the \"Wamy\u014d Ruijush\u014d<\/a>\". In the \"Wamy\u014d Ruijush\u014d,\" the \u7c26, 'ohokasa', is defined as a large object carried in the hand which is a large umbrella-hat (\u7b20) attached to a handle. In the Japanese \"Man'y\u014dsh\u016b<\/a>,\" the word '\u84cb' (kinukasa) appears, and the word 'karakasa' can be found in \"Utsubo Monogatari<\/a>,\" \"The Pillow Book<\/a>,\" \"Sarashina Nikki<\/a>,\" etc.<\/i><\/p>\n

There are many theories around the origin of the 'kara' in 'karakasa,' [\u5510\u5098 - the traditional paper umbrella]: \u2460 it is handed down from China\/Korea (<\/i>kara) [\"\u985e\u805a\u540d\u7269\u8003\"], \u2461 there is the word \u67c4\u7b20 and the character \u67c4 can be read 'kara' [\"\u8c9e\u4e08\u96d1\u8a18\"], \u2462 because it is strange holding it up when it opens suddenly [\"\u4fda\u8a00\u96c6\u89a7\"], \u2463 the 'kara' is the same as in 'karakuri' and either means a wheel device or lightweight [\"\u4fd7\u8a9e\u8003\"]. The following characters are found in historical literature and can all be read as 'karakasa:' \u5510\u5098\u3001\u97d3\u7b20\u3001\u7c26\u3001\u96e8\u7e56\u3001\u6cb9\u5098\u3001\u7b20\u5098\u3001\u96e8\u5098\u3001and \u7aea\u7b20. \u7e56 refers to the 'kinukasa' - in other words, a held-up umbrella with cloth affixed. The paper-affixed umbrella is similarly old, and there is no distinction in the character \u5098 ('san') with the same Japanese pronunciation. In any case, it is not clear which of these the term 'kasa' referred to in the ancient era. In English it is called \"umbrella,\" which has the meaning of \"shade\" in the Latin origin \"umbra.\" In French, a sunshade is called \"parasol\" - \"para\" means \"to avoid.\" It means to avoid the sun, and \"parapluie\" means to avoid the rain.<\/i><\/p>\n

[History<\/b>] There are instances in ancient oriental sculpture and paintings where powerful people are depicted with umbrellas being held overhead; this symbolizes authority. Umbrellas can be seen in ancient Greece and Rome, but they were for use by women mainly as a sunshade. Umbrellas that could open and close were made in Italy in the 13th century. Rain umbrellas were used around the 17th century; in 18th century England, it is said that people were surprised by the audacity of philanthropic businessman Jonas Hanway (1712-86), who walked the streets of London in 1778 carrying a rain umbrella. At that time the umbrella ribs were made from whale bones, but steel ribs started to be used in the 1820s. In 1852, S. Fox developed umbrella ribs that were grooved and shaped like a U, and so easy-to-use lightweight, thin umbrellas became popular.<\/i><\/p>\n

According to the \"Nihon Shoki<\/a>\", canopies were introduced to Japan in 552 \uff08Kinmei 13) as a contribution by King Seong of the Baekje kingdom. These were large, silken umbrellas held over aristocrats. It is said that the personal, hand-held umbrella was brought by the international merchant Naya Sukezaemon, also known as Luzon, in the year 1594 (Bunroku 3). These began to be widespread first in the Edo period, and these umbrellas were taken up especially by girls whose hairdos would get messed up by wearing umbrella-hats directly on their heads. During the J\u014dky\u014d\/Genroku eras (1684-1704), long-handled umbrellas and \u2023<\/sup>bull's-eye patterned umbrellas became popular, followed by large, black-roofed umbrellas in the Sh\u014dtoku era (1711-16), and autumn-colored umbrellas and and refined bull's-eye patterned umbrellas in the Ky\u014dh\u014d era (1716-36). Crudely made umbrellas called \u2023<\/sup>'bangasa' (coarse oilpaper umbrellas) were easy to use. Sunshades, on the other, were in popular use in the Bunroku era (1592-96) as well, and picture-decorated parasols were trendy from the Enp\u014d era to the J\u014dky\u014d era (1673-88). Umbrellas thus became widespread, and merchants appeared who would buy quantities of second-hand umbrellas, old sets of umbrella ribs, and umbrellas that had become unusable due to torn paper. In Edo the umbrellas would be bought back, but in Kyoto and Osaka they would mostly be exchanged for earthenware teapots or clay dolls. The old ribs would be cleaned in a rib-shop, dropped off at an umbrella shop for repair, and brought back to life as a restored umbrella. Western-style umbrellas were first brought by British merchants in 1859 (Ansei 6), and as Japan entered the Meiji era, the so-called \u2023<\/sup>'k\u014dmorigasa,' or western-style umbrella, came to symbolize Japan's westernization; this umbrella was popularized in the 1880s (Meiji 10s).<\/i><\/p>\n

[The Modern Umbrella<\/b>]\u3000The development of the western-style umbrella after WW2 is remarkable; in 1949, a vinyl umbrella came to the market using a vinyl film imported from America\u3001and this became explosively popular. In 1953, the nylon western-style umbrella started being produced domestically. The spring-style folding umbrella was developed in 1954, and the golden age of folding umbrellas using nylon material began. In 1958, furthermore,a 'jump umbrella' was prototyped, which could be operated with one hand while entering and exiting a car; this became widespread in 1961, and accounted for 70-80% of the modern gentleman's non-folding umbrellas. Famous designer-brand western-style umbrellas appeared around 1972. Western-style umbrella sizes are expressed in terms of the length of the main ribs; formerly men's umbrellas were 63-66 centimeters (24.8 - 26 inches) and women's umbrellas were 55 centimeters (21.7 inches), and they all had 10 to 12 ribs. Afterwards they were made much lighter, and 60 centimeter (23.6 inch) men's umbrellas, 50 centimeter (19.7 inch) women's umbrellas, and umbrellas with 8-10 ribs each became more common. However, lately larger umbrellas have come to be preferred. Japanese-style umbrellas reached their peak between, with around 35,000,000 produced annually, 3-6 times the number of western-style umbrellas. Production dropped during the war, but in 1949-1950 close to 35,000,000 were again being produced, about 15,000,000 of those being made in Kanochou in Gifu City, which has a history of making them stretching back to the Kan'ei era (1624-44). However, after that, the production of Japanese-style umbrellas dropped off drastically. The current demand for western-style umbrellas in Japan is about 65,000,000 per year, including imports.<\/i><\/p>\n

Kikuta Takashi<\/i><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Note the \u2023<\/sup> symbol - this indicates other entries to read for more information. For example, in the umbrella entry, one sees \u2023<\/sup>\u86c7\u306e\u76ee\u5098<\/span>. There is an entry on that style of umbrella (a traditional paper umbrella with a bull's-eye design) in volume 6, on page 1305. I've included here the illustration from that entry.<\/p>\n

The entry for \"Saint Louis\" is found in volume 8, on page 804:<\/p>\n

\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u30fb\u30eb\u30a4\u30b9<\/b><\/p>\n

\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u30df\u30ba\u30fc\u30ea\u5dde\u306e\u6700\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u3002\u4eba\u53e345\u4e073085\u3067\uff14\uff15\uff05\u304c\u9ed2\u4eba\u3001\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u57df\u4eba\u53e3235\u4e075276\uff081980\u3002\u5168\u7c7312\u4f4d\uff09\u3002\u5dde\u6771\u90e8\u3001\u30df\u30b7\u30b7\u30c3\u30d4\u5ddd\u897f\u5cb8\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3001\u5927\u90fd\u5e02\u57df\u306f\u5bfe\u5cb8\u306e\u30a4\u30ea\u30ce\u30a4\u5dde\u3078\u3082\u5ef6\u3073\u3001\u30a4\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30fb\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u30fb\u30eb\u30a4\u30b9\u306a\u3069\u306e\u885b\u661f\u90fd\u5e02\u7fa4\u3092\u3082\u3064\u3002\u30df\u30ba\u30fc\u30ea\u5ddd\u3068\u30df\u30b7\u30b7\u30c3\u30d4\u5ddd\u672c\u6d41\u306e\u5408\u6d41\u70b9\u306e\u3059\u3050\u4e0b\u6d41\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u30011764\u5e74\u306b\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u6bdb\u76ae\u5546\u4eba\u304c\u53d6\u5f15\u6240\u3092\u5efa\u8a2d\u3001\u5730\u540d\u306f\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u738b\u30eb\u30a49\u4e16\u306b\u3061\u306a\u3080\u3002\u958b\u62d3\u521d\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\u3001\u6c34\u4e0a\u4ea4\u901a\u306e\u8981\u885d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u767a\u5c55\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u3082\u30cf\u30a4\u30a6\u30a7\u30fc\u3001\u9244\u9053\u3001\u822a\u7a7a\u8def\u306e\u7d50\u7bc0\u70b9\u3002 \u5dde\u6771\u90e8\u6700\u5927\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3067\u3001\u897f\u90e8\u306e\u30ab\u30f3\u30b6\u30b9\u30fb\u30b7\u30c6\u30a3\u3068\u5dde\u306e\u5546\u570f\u3092\u4e8c\u5206\u3059\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30c7\u30c8\u30ed\u30a4\u30c8\u306b\u6b21\u3050\u81ea\u52d5\u8eca\u5de5\u696d\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u3067\u3001\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30c9\u3001GM\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5de5\u5834\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30de\u30af\u30c0\u30cd\u30eb\u30fb\u30c0\u30b0\u30e9\u30b9\u822a\u7a7a\u4f1a\u793e\u306e\u672c\u793e\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u9774\u3001\u30d3\u30fc\u30eb\u3001\u6a5f\u68b0\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5de5\u696d\u3001\u8fb2\u7523\u7269\u306e\u96c6\u6563\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5546\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\u3082\u76db\u3093\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u897f\u90e8\u958b\u62d3\u53f2\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u8cc7\u6599\u3092\u96c6\u3081\u305f\u535a\u7269\u9928 Museum of Westward Expansion \u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u897f\u90e8\u306b\u306f\u30ef\u30b7\u30f3\u30c8\u30f3\u5927\u5b66\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n

Saint Louis<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

The largest city in the state of Missouri in the United States of America. The population is 453,085, of which 45% is black. The greater metropolitan area has a population of 2,355,276 (1980 - 12th place nationwide). Located in the eastern part of the state, on the western bank of the Mississippi River, the greater metropolitan area also stretches onto the eastern bank into the state of Illinois, containing a group of satellite cities like East St Louis. Located just downstream of the confluence point of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, it was established in 1764 by French fur traders as a trading post; its name is connected to the French king Louis the 9th. Since its early days, aquatic travel played an important role in the city's development; the modern city is also an important highway, railroad, and airway center. The state's largest business centers are split between this city, the largest center in the eastern part of the state, and Kansas City, located in the western part. The city is second only to Detroit as a center for automobile manufacturing, with factories for Ford, GM, etc. It is the headquarters for the McDonnell Douglas<\/a> Aircraft Company. Prosperous commercial activities also include the manufacture of shoes, beer, machinery, etc. as well as the distribution of agricultural products. There is the 'Museum of Westward Expansion,' which is a museum collecting primary source documents pertaining to the history of the western pioneers. In the western part of the city is Washington University.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

General Details Title: \u5e73\u51e1\u793e\u3000\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u8f9e\u5178 (Great Encylop\u00e6dia Heibonsha)Volumes: 16Language: JapanesePublisher: \u5e73\u51e1\u793e (Heibonsha)Year: 1984Pages: 21,164 The \u5927\u767e\u79d1\u8f9e\u5178 (dai hyakka jiten), or Great Encyclopedia, was released in 1984 in 16 volumes. Unlike the other editions of the Heibonsha encyclopedia released before and after it (most named \u4e16\u754c\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u8f9e\u5178 - sekai dai hyakka jiten, or World Great Encyclopedia), this one … Continue reading Encyclop\u00e6dia Heibonsha (1984)<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[43,42],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/encyclopaedia-fortuita.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/encyclopaedia-fortuita.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/encyclopaedia-fortuita.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/encyclopaedia-fortuita.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/encyclopaedia-fortuita.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/encyclopaedia-fortuita.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":264,"href":"https:\/\/encyclopaedia-fortuita.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25\/revisions\/264"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/encyclopaedia-fortuita.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/encyclopaedia-fortuita.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/encyclopaedia-fortuita.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}